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Anatomical position |
解剖方位 |
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All descriptions of the human body are based on the assumption that the person is in the anatomical position. A person in the anatomical position is standing erect with the head, eyes, and toes directed forward, the heels and toes together, and the upper limbs hanging by the sides with the palms facing anteriorly. You must always visualize the anatomical position when describing patients or cadavers lying on their backs (supine position), sides, or fronts (prone position). Otherwise, confusion as to the meaning of your description will exist and serious consequences could result. |
人体结构的描述是以人体解剖方位的设想为基础的。人体解剖方位的基本设想是：人体直立，头、两眼和脚趾指向前方，脚趾和脚跟靠拢，上肢垂于两侧，手掌向前。在描述背朝下（仰卧)、身体一侧朝下、或正面朝下（俯卧)而卧的病人或尸体时，都应始终按解剖方位进行，否则，人们就会对你的描述感到迷惑不解，并导致严重后果。 |
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Planes of the body |
人体平面 |
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Many descriptions are made using imaginary planes passing through the body in the anatomical position. There are median, sagittal, coronal and horizontal planes. |
人们根据解剖方位，设想有多个平面贯穿人体，并由此作出多种描述，即正中面、矢状面、冠状面和水平面。 |
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The Median Plane. This is the vertical plane passing lengthwise through the midline of the body from front to back, dividing it into right and left halves, except for such internal organs as the heart and liver that do not lie in the midline. |
正中面。纵向由前向后贯穿人体正中线的垂直面，将人体分为左、右两半，一些不在正中线上的内脏如心、肝等除外。 |
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The Sagittal Planes. These are any vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane. These sagittal planes divide unequally the body to right and left portions. |
矢状面。与正中面平行、贯穿人体的垂直面。矢状面将人体分为不对待的左、右两部分。 |
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The Coronal Planes. These are any vertical planes passing through the body dividing it into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions. |
冠状面。贯穿人体的任一垂直面，将人体分为前（正面)后（背部)部。 |
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T\he Horizontal Planes. These are any planes passing through the body at right angles to both the median and coronal planes. A horizontal plane divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions. The horizontal plane sometimes is referred to as the transverse plane. |
水平面。与正中面和冠状面呈直角的任何平面。水平面将身体分为上（上面)和下（正面)两部分。水平面有时也称为横断（切)面。 |
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Terms of relationship |
关系名词 |
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Because anatomy is a descriptive science, clearly defined and unambiguous terms must be used to indicate the positions of structures to each other and to the body as a whole in the anatomical position. |
解剖学是一门描述性科学，因此，必须使用含意清晰、毫不含糊的术语来描述结构之间、结构与整体之间的解剖位置关系。 |
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Anterior (Ventral, Front) Nearer to the front of the body is anterior. Usually the anterior surface of the hand is called the volar or palmar surface and the inferior surface of the foot is called the plantar surface or sole. Ventral is equivalent to anterior. |
前(腹侧，前面) 靠近身体正面为前。通常将手的前面称为掌面或手掌，脚的下面称为跖面或足底。腹侧与前面意义相等。 |
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Posterior (Dorsal, Behind) Nearer to the back of the body is posterior. Dorsal is interchangeable with posterior. Usually the posterior or dorsal surface of the hand is called dorsum. The term dorsum is also used to describe the anterosuperior surface of the foot.www.med126.com |
后(背侧，后面) 靠近身体背部为后，背侧与后面可互为换用。通常将手的背面称为手背，背侧这一术语亦用于描述足的前上面。医.学.全.在.线.网.站.提供 |
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Superior (Cephalic, Cranial, Above) Toward the head or upper part of the body. Cranial and cephalic are interchangeable adjectives which mean proceeding toward the brain and cranium. Rostral is often used synonymously with anterior in descriptions of the brain. |
上(头侧，颅侧，上方) 指向头或身体上部的方位。颅侧和头为可互换使用的形容词，意为向脑或头颅的一侧。在描述脑时，嘴侧常常是前的同义词。 |
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Inferior (Caudal, Below) Toward the feet or lower part of the body and further from the head. The term caudal means nearer to the tail and is used in description of embryos. |
下(尾侧、下方) 指向脚或身体下部、离头较远的方位。尾侧意指靠近尾部，常用在胚胎的描述中。 |
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Medial Toward the median plane of the body. |
内侧 靠近身体正中面。 |
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Lateral Farther away from the medium plane of the body. |
外侧 远离身体正中面。 |
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In the upper limb, the radius is the lateral bone of the forearm and the ulna is the medial one. Thus, the term radial is referred to the lateral and the ulnar is referred to the medial. |
就上肢而言，桡骨是前臂外侧的骨，尺骨位于内，因而桡侧意为外侧，尺侧意为内侧。 |
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Intermediate Between two structures, one of which is medial and the other lateral. |
中间 两个结构之间，即内侧和外侧之间。 |
